2010-03-07 ルジャンドルのいう「ドグマ」について。
_ 西谷修の『理性の探求』の読解には,ルジャンドルのいう「理性」の再解釈がどういうものであるかを理解することが必要だ。
しかし,その前に,いくつものハードルがある。まず,最初のハードルはルジャンドルが「ドグマ人類学」というときの「ドグマ」とはどういうことを意味しているのか,を理解する必要があろう。でないと,「ドグマ人類学」などとは?とのっけから排除されてしまう恐れがある。
わたしたちが一般的に「ドグマ」と聞いて,真っ先に思い浮かべることは「独断」であり,「ひとりよがりな考え方や断定」であろう。だから,あいつは「ドグマティックな奴だ」というときには,ひとつもいい意味は含まれてはいない。自分の考え方だけが唯一正しくて,他はすべて間違いだ,と断じて憚らない,そういう人間のことを「ドグマティックな奴だ」と表現する。
もう一つは,「教条主義」。わたしたちに馴染みがあるのは,マルキシズムをめぐる議論や運動のなかで,しばしば,この「ドグマティック」ということばが用いられたからだ。言うまでもなく,マルクスの教え・理論に凝り固まってしまって,そこから一歩も外にでようとしない主義・主張を繰り返す人間のことを,やはり,「ドグマティックな奴だ」と呼んだ。
このようにして,いまでも,時折,自分の主義・主張を曲げない人間,しかも,他人の話に耳を傾けようとしない人間,自分の好き勝手な行動をとる人間,あるいは,特定の思想・哲学に凝り固まってしまった人間,特定の宗教だけを唯一絶対と信じて疑わない人間,などを指して「ドグマティックな奴」と呼ぶことがある。
ところが,「ドグマ」のもともとの語源をたどると,それは「宗教的な教義・教え」のことだ,とある。ヨーロッパでいえば,キリスト教の教義のことだ。たしかに,キリスト教を信仰する人びとにとっては,キリスト教の教義は唯一絶対のものであり,それを守ることが信仰の証でもあり,生きるための道しるべでもある。それは,日本の仏教や神道においても同じである。信心の深い人ほど,その教義を信じて疑わない。
ここで三つの問題か立ち上がる。一つは,なぜ,人間には宗教的な教義が必要なのか,という問いである。もう一つは,なぜ,この宗教的な教義が「独断」「独善」というような悪い意味に転じていったのか,という問いである。三つめは,なぜ,悪い意味に転じてしまった「ドグマ」ということばをルジャンドルはみずからの主張を包括する学問の冠として用い「ドグマ人類学」と名づけたのか,という問いである。一番目の問題については,バタイユの『宗教の理論』ともつながる問いで,きわめて興味深いものであるが,また,機会をあらためて取り上げてみたいと思う。ここでは,後者の二つめと三つ目の問題について考えてみよう。
二つめの問題は簡単だ。キリスト教の教義は科学的な根拠がない,というただそれだけの理由で「独善」「独断」と判定されてしまったからだ。つまり,近代の科学的知によってキリスト教の教義は否定されてしまったのである。このことを視野に入れつつニーチェは「神は死んだ」と宣言した。つまり,神を信ずる人が激減してしまったことを逆説的に表現したものである。こうして,科学こそが万能であると信じて疑わない人たちが圧倒的多数を占めてしまうと(現代はまさにそういう時代である,とわたしは考えている),それはもはや「科学教」とでも呼ぶべき新たな宗教が登場したも同然である。こうして,「ドグマ」の意味は完全にひっくり返ってしまった。
では,どうして,科学的知によって叩きつぶされてしまったはずの「ドグマ」ということばが,なにゆえに,ルジャンドルの手によって復活しようとしているのか,この問題を考えてみよう。
というところで「時間切れ」。このつづきは明日のブログで。
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