2008-08-14 老子『道徳経』第１章の読解
_ 昨日のつづき。老子『道徳経』第１章の自己流読解について，メモしたことがらを整理しておきたいと思います。
この意訳文に到達するまでにわたしの脳裏をよぎっていったものは，西田幾多郎の「実在」の考え方であり，その背景をなしている禅の「無」であり，龍樹の「空」の考え方である。同時に，『老子化胡経』（仏教は老子に帰すと主張する経典）の存在も意識して，仏教との近似性をも視野に入れる。老子のいう「玄」は，ここでは小川環樹のいう「神秘」という解釈をとった。が，一般的には「混沌」とされる。この説にしたがえば，「混沌のまた混沌」，ありるいは，「混沌のもっともっと混沌としたもの」（「玄之又玄」）ということを突き詰めていくと，おそらく「つかみどころのない，ぼんやりとしたもの」「はっきりとは見えないもの」となっていく。そして，さらに「玄之又玄」を繰り返していくと，そのさきにはなぜか澄みきった「透明な世界」のイメージがわたしの脳裏に浮かび上がってくる。つまり，「無」や「空」と同じところに到達する。そここそが「実在」の「場」であると西田は考える。ここはことばで説明することはできない，とつとに歴代の禅僧たちは説いている。老子のいう「道」と同じである。
西田はこれらの「無」「空」「道」「玄」の概念を西洋の哲学（すなわち，形而上学）のことばで説明すべく全力を傾ける。そして，「実在」をてがかりにして，「場所の論理」「行為的直観」「絶対矛盾的自己同一」へと思考を進化させている。その世界と，ジョルジュ・バタイユのいう「非−知」（ノン・サヴォワール）とは，とても近いとわたしは考えている。たとえば，バタイユのいう「エクスターズ」（恍惚）と「絶対矛盾的自己同一」との違いは，無神論の立場に立つ「神無きエクスターズ」か，それとも禅仏教の説く「禅定」の境地に立つ「恍惚」か，でしかない。しかも，そここそ老子のいう「玄」であり，「衆妙之門」となる。
そこには，しかし，自己は存在していない。自己が立ち現れるのは「他者からの働きかけ」による。この自己が立ち現れる瞬間を，ジャン＝リュック・ナンシーは「パルタージュ」という概念をもちいて説明する。すなわち，他者との「接触」による「分割／分有」という現象についてである。ここがまた，老子の説く「衆妙之門」ともつながっていく。つまり，自己もなにもない存在から他者との「接触」をとおして自己が立ち現れるこの瞬間こそが「衆妙之門」とつながっていく。このとき，「欲望」が問題となる。この「欲望」との距離に応じて，「妙」にいたるか，それとも「キョウ」に傾くか，という問題が生まれてくる。
「大道無門」ということばがある。一般的には，「大きな道には門はない」（入り口にこだわるな），すなわち，「芸能や芸道で大成するには自由自在に智慧をはたらかせてあらゆる方法を用いよ，となろうか。あるいは，「大道」とは「大きな道」，すなわち，「大きなタオ」。そこには「門」（入り口）は建てようがない。そのような境地に到達することこそが「衆妙之門」か。
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