2009-11-10 バタイユの『エロスの涙』を読む。
_ 昨夜のブログの予言どおり，なにも手につかないので，バタイユの『エロスの涙』を読むことにした。というより，眺めることにした。
ちくま学芸文庫とはいえ，この本もまた３５０ページに及ぶ大作である。とはいえ，図版が圧倒的に多くのページを独占しているので，まずは，なにも読まずに図版を眺めることにした。もう，何度も読んだ本なので（といいつつ，ほとんど忘れてしまっているのだが），あまり頭をつかう必要もない，となめてかかったのが間違いのもとだった。
図版といえば聞こえはいいが，すべてそれぞれの時代や社会を映し出す「エロティシズム」の図版である。よくぞこれだけの図版を集めたものだ，と驚くばかりである。以前，院生さんにこの本を紹介したら，「なーんだ，エロ本じゃないですか」といわれ，ショックを受けたことがある。ただ，眺めているだけだったら，立派な「エロ本」である。
現実にも，本国フランスでは発禁処分にされ，長い間，日の目をみることはなかったという。しかし，こんにちのわたしたちが手にとって，二百数十点にもおよぶ図版を逐一，解説もふくめて熟読玩味してみても，いわゆる「発禁本」になりそうなところはどこにもない。ましてや，バタイユの本文を読めば，間違いなく哲学（精確にいえば「非哲学」というべきか）の本であることは歴然としている。しかも，エロ本のつもりで読む人には，バタイユがなにを言っているのかほとんど理解不能であろう。もし，この本がフランスで発禁本になったとしたら，テクストの末尾にある１９２５年の撮影とされる中国青年の「百刻み」の刑の，なんとも残酷な一連の写真によるのではないか，とわたしは考える。この写真は，バタイユの他のテクストにもしばしば用いられている有名なものである。両手・両足を切断されているにもかかわらず，なお，この青年は恍惚の笑みを浮かべている。ここに，バタイユは，究極のエロティシズムをみている。バタイユはつぎのように述べている。
「突如として私に見えてきて，私を苦悶の中に閉じ込めてしまったもの──しかし，同時に，そこから私を解放してくれたもの──それは，神々しい恍惚に極度の恐怖を対置する完璧な反対物の同一性であった。」
いきなり，こんな話を書いてしまうとびっくりされる方が多いと思う。しかし，日本語の「エロス」や「エロティシズム」の含意があまりにも歪曲化されている節があるので，あえて，このような文章を引用してみた。バタイユにとっては，「エロティシズム」こそ人間存在のもっとも根源に横たわっているものであって，「死」を意識しはじめた原初の人間（ヒトが人間になったばかりの，ほやほやの人間）にして初めて「エロティシズム」の誕生をみることができる，と。このことが書きたくて，今夜のブログを書き始めた次第。
で，読み終えたばかりなので，書きたいことは山ほどあるが，このところ西谷さんの『理性の探求』を何回も読み返しているので，人間の「理性」の始原をバタイユはどのように考えていたのか，ということだけをここでは紹介しておきたいとおもう。まず，バタイユの該当する文章を紹介しておこう。
「・・・動物が人間になったのは，労働によってなのだ。労働は，なによりもまず，認識と理性の基礎であった。道具や武器の製造は，われわれがそれであったところの動物を人間化した初期の理性的思考力の出発点だったのである。人間は，材料を加工することによって，それに自分が与える目的にそれを適合させることができるようになった。けれども，この操作は，ただたんに彼がそれを割ることによって望み通りの形を与えられる石を変えただけではない。人間自身も変わったのだ。あきらかに労働によってこそ，人間は人間的存在に，すなわちわれわれのような理性的動物になったのである。」
いわゆるバタイユの文章としては，こんなに単純明解な運びに出会うことは珍しい。このテクストのなかでも，そんなに多くはない。しかし，このあたりの説明はじつに明解である。だから，とくに解説を加える必要はまったくないと思う。「ヒトが人間になる」ということは，バタイユに言わせれば「理性的動物になる」ということであり，そのきっかけとなったのは「労働」であり，「道具」や「武器」の製造だったのだ，と。そして，こうした「理性的動物」になることと「エロティシズム」の誕生は不可分であった，とバタイユは考える。その論理については，ここでは割愛させてもらう。ぜひ，このテクストにあたって確認してみてほしい。少なくとも『宗教の理論』を通過した人間にとっては，こんなに単純化して，言い切ってしまっていいのだろうか，と訝られるほどの明解さである。
じつは，このテクストはバタイユが，死の病と闘いながら，最後の力をふりしぼるようにして書いたものだと言われている。だからというべきか，余分な説明はいっさいはぶいて，ズバリと結論を述べている。その空白を図版で埋め合わせろ，と言わぬばかりに。
林好雄さんの「解説」によれば，バタイユもこの本のできばえには大いに期待していたようである。たとえば，バタイユ自身も以下のような記述を残しているという。
「この本を，これまでに私が出版したどの本よりも見事な本したい」（１９６０年３月５日）
「それは，私が書いたもののなかで最も良い本であると同時に最も親しみやすい本になるに違いない」（同年１２月１６日）
親しみやすく，わかりやすく，というバタイユの気持ちが伝わってくる。その意味では，バタイユ理解にはうってつけの本でもある。
エロ本を読むような感覚で「哲学」を学ぶことができる・・・こんな凄い本はバタイユ以外にはだれも書けない，と言っても過言ではなかろう。しかし，恐ろしい本でもある，とだけひとこと断っておく。
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