2010-02-11 「供犠」と「スポーツ的なるもの」とは同根?
_ 9日のブログで,長嶺ヤス子のフラメンコは「供犠」にも等しい,と書いた。あのあと,その想念が頭から離れない。その余韻を追ってみると・・・・。
「踊る身体」の限界をおおきくはみ出して,もはや,自分の身体であるかどうかも判明できないような状態にまで追い込む,長嶺ヤス子の「踊り」は「供犠」にも等しい,と。この領域は,スポーツ競技のトップ・アスリートたちが,ある特定の条件がととのったときにのみ入り込んでいく世界と同じだろう。これがまた,スポーツの魅力の一つであることはまぎれもない。一度でも,このような現場に立ち合ったことのある者は,二度,三度とその追体験を追い求めることになる。スポーツが面白くて仕方がない,ある種の麻薬性をもっていて,ついには病み付きになる契機の一つがここにあることは確かだ。
以前にも書いたように,バタイユに言わせれば,「供犠」とは,事物になってしまった人間やそれに従属することになってしまった事物たちを,もう一度,「聖なるもの」の世界に引き戻すための儀礼だ,という。つまり,失われた内在性や内奥性の世界に引き戻すための儀礼である,と。だから,わたしたちは野生の動物性(強靱な生命力)にたいして,こころのどこかに畏敬の念と強い憧れの感情をいだいている。この畏敬の念や憧れの感情があるからこそ,祝祭という文化装置をセットして,この時空間のなかでそれを回復させようと試みる。こういう中から「スポーツ的なるもの」も立ち上がってくる,とわたしは考える。
たとえば,スペインの闘牛。説明するまでもなく「供犠」そのものだ。闘牛場で過ごす「時」は,いわゆるサッカーや相撲を観戦している「時」とはいささか質が異なる。それは,もろに一頭の闘牛の「生と死」の物語をまのあたりにするからだ。それに引き換え,サッカーや相撲には「生と死」の物語は,直接的には表出しない。しかし,広義の「供犠」の概念からすれば,なにも「殺す」必要はないのだから,ゴールや決まり手は,立派な「死」の儀礼と考えてなんの不思議もない。だから,われわれは,神がかり的なゴールに熱狂するし,みごとな決まり手に感動する。それは,まさに「供犠」であり,動物性への回帰をまのあたりにするからだ。こんなまなざしで,他のスポーツをも分析してみると,とても面白いことが浮かび上がってくる。
相撲などは,まさに,その起源をたどっていけば,まぎれもなく「決闘」である。日本の『古事記』に登場する相撲も古代ギリシアの神話に登場するレスリングも,みんな「殺し合い」である。なにゆえに「殺し合い」でなくてはならなかったのか,とくと考える必要がある。古代ギリシアの神話には,さまざまな競技の世界が描かれているが,その多くは,敗者は「殺される」ことになっている。それが,ごく当たり前のように伝承されていることの意味はなにか。よく考える必要があろう。『ニーベルンゲンの歌』の中に登場する競技も,敗者はみんな殺されている。なにゆえに「殺す」ということが行われたのか。
さらに,想像力を飛躍させれば・・・。
ハード・トレーニングや千本ノックなども,体力の限界への挑戦であり,一種の「供犠」ではないか・・・と。可愛がりやしごきなども立派な「供犠」の変形ヴァージョンではないか・・・と。マラソンを走ったり,バドミントンの競技に熱中して気力・体力の限界をさまよったりするのも,みずからの身体に課した立派な「供犠」ではないか・・・と。このような例をあげていけばエンドレスだ。そのような一覧表を作成してみると面白いだろう,と思う。
わたしたちは,現代社会にあっても,どこかで先祖還りへの衝動をもち続けているのだろう。つまり,動物性への回帰を,無意識のうちに希求しているのだろう。それが,もっとも合法的に,一つの文化や制度として認知されたものが,こんにちのスポーツなのであろう。このように考えてみると,「供犠」の精神があちこちに姿・形を変えて,いまも温存されているということに気づく。
とまあ,こんなことを大まじめに考えている。このことを,なんとかまともな文章にして記述することはできないか,とも大まじめに考えている。そして,みんなで議論できる素材として提示することができれば・・・・と。
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