2008-12-09 ベンヤミンの『陶酔論』の衝撃。
_ 今福さんは,ベンヤミンの『陶酔論』を手がかりにして,ブラジルのサッカーの含みもつ根源的な意味を問い直している。そこでは,ブラジル人にとってサッカーはもはやなくてはならない必需品であり,生きる喜びそのものの根源に触れる文化なのだ,と断言している。
ブラジルの人びとにとって,サッカーは勝敗を超越した「陶酔」のための文化装置である,と今福さんはいう。そして,みずからのブラジル・サッカーをとおしての「陶酔」体験を語る。この体験を,ベンヤミンがみずから実験台となって麻薬のハシッシを吸引して体験した「陶酔」とを重ね合わせながら,それが通俗的な「陶酔」とはまったく異なる新たな自己との遭遇と新たな自己体験であり,新しい自己の誕生を意味することを確認していく。そして,ブラジル人にとってサッカーとは,このような「陶酔」をとおして,まったく新たな自己を発見し,新しい自己に生まれ変わる体験をすることを意味するのだ,という。
それは同時に,ホイジンガが『ホモ・ルーデンス』のなかで展開した「遊戯論」とも通底していることを,精密に論述している。子どもは純粋無垢の状態で,忘我没入して遊びに熱中することをとおして,過去の自己を脱皮し新たな自己を形成していく。それは,大人であっても同じことだ。ただ,近代文明社会の大人にはその機会があまりに少なすぎる,というにすぎない。しかし,ブラジル人にとっては,それがサッカーをとおして実現されている,とみずからの体験をとおして今福さんは主張する。
こういう話を聞いて,わたしの脳裏に浮かんでくるのはジョルジュ・バタイユの「恍惚」(エクスターズ)である。かれは「内的体験」という一種の神秘体験をとおして,この「恍惚」の存在を知る。そして,この「恍惚」体験を哲学の概念に置き換え「非−知」として位置つける。しかも,この「非−知」こそ,ヘーゲルのいう「絶対知」の対極に位置づくものと定義する。そして,バタイユは人間の存在を規定する原点がこの「恍惚」(エクスターズ)だと位置づけ,そこからかれの存在論が展開される。換言すれば,「エロス」の世界であり,バタイユが展開する『エロティシズム』もここからスタートする。
ロジェ・カイヨワのいう『本能』も,このバタイユの思考とつながっているように,わたしには読める。
もっと飛躍させてしまえば,西田幾多郎の「純粋経験」や「行為的直観」や「絶対矛盾的自己同一」などという西田に特有の概念もまた,ここと通底しているようにわたしは考えている。いまはやりの「オートポイエーシス」の概念もまた同じ土俵に上がってくる。
ここまでくれば,もう,白状してしまった方がいいと思うのは,最終的には仏教思想にまで到達する,というわたしの仮説である。仏教経典の原点ともいわれる『般若心経』のなかに説かれている「色即是空 空即是色」という概念もまた,同じ地平に立つ。このことは,拙著『身体論−−スポーツ学的アプローチ』に詳しく論じたつもりである。また,その後もこの論考を追いつづけていて,ますます,わたしには納得のいくものとなりつつある。こうした発想は,ついには,禅仏教の思想に到達する。
道元禅師が説く「修証一等」や,白隠禅師の「因果一如」も同じことを説いている。そして,「我を忘れる」ことが肝腎であり,「無心」「無我」の境地が一つの到達目標となる。
ジョギングしているときに体験するという「ランナーズ・ハイ」もまたかなり近いところで起きている現象ではないか,とわたしは考えている。それが,たとえ,エフェドリンという脳内物質のいたずらにすぎない(と脳科学者たちは言う)としても,一つの体験としては,ベンヤミンの『陶酔論』と遠い存在だとはとても思えない。
もう,これ以上は書かないことにするが,老子や荘子がいう老荘思想もまた,きわめて近似したところのものである。これらは禅仏教を生み出す引き金ともなった思想であるから,当然といえば当然である。
こうして考えていくと,なにか大きな大同円が描けそうな気がしてくる。そして,なにより大事なことは,ブラジルのサッカーが,こうした人間の根源の問題と深く切り結びながら,日々の自己変革につながる文化装置としての機能をはたしている,という事実なのだ。この点をこそ,今福さんは強調する。わたしも大賛成だ。
近代スポーツが求める「勝利至上主義」とはまるで無縁の,ことばの正しい意味での「陶酔」体験をとおして,新たな自己を発見していく,差異のある反復がもののみごとに実現されているブラジルのサッカーに,一つの大きな可能性を見出している今福さんの主張に,いまごろになって気づく。
かつて,今福さんから「一度,わたしと一緒にブラジルのサッカーを見に行きませんか」と誘われたことがある。その真意はここにあったのだ,ということをいまになって知る。いまからでは遅いだろうか。こんどはわたしから「今福さん,ぜひ,わたしをブラジルに連れていってください」とお願いしなくては・・・・。
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