2009-10-05 ファシズム的心性の始原。
_ バタイユの「同質性」と「異質性」の論考について解説する湯浅博雄さんの文章のなかに，つぎのようなくだりがあり，びっくりして考え込んでしまった。
出典は，湯浅博雄著『バタイユ 消尽』（講談社学術文庫・９６ページ以降）である。バタイユの「ファシズムの心理構造」（１９３３年）の論考をとりあげて，その独自性を解説する湯浅さんの文章が，そっくりそのまま，古い体質のままの体育会系クラブに当てはまる・・・とひらめいてしまったのである。
ちょうど，１００ページに，そのきっかけとなる文章が登場するので，それを引用してみよう。
軍事指揮官の「光輝ある」性格は，どうして構成されるのか。兵士の大多数は下層の民衆に属す。だがこの「卑しい」民衆が軍隊に組織され，制服をまとうと，奇妙な変化を起こす。軍隊は規律，階層性により，また制服，隊列行進など拍子と律動に満ちた動き，幾何学的規則性によって，乱雑さ，混沌を矯正し，目的意識に服させる。指揮官の命令に服することが，無秩序から秩序への「快い」変化と感じられる。軍隊の首長は一方で戦闘という荒々しさを体現する者であり，他方でこうした秩序・規律・目的意識への変化を命じる者だ。この命令は兵士たちを，その「卑しさ」としては＜否定する＞力を持つ命令である。彼らの貧困，穢れ，乱雑，荒々しさ，非合理な危うさは，この命令によって否定され，秩序と目的へと「再生させ」られる。つまり軍隊内部では，＜同質的なもの＞へと変えられる。
この文章を読みながら，そのむかし高校ラグビーでその名を馳せた某監督の言説を思い出していた。某監督とは，直接，お会いしてかなり長い時間，数回にわたってお話を聞かせてもらったことがある。大学を卒業して初めて赴任した高校が荒れに荒れていて，授業もままならぬほどの荒れようだった，という。そこで，早速，その高校の名うての悪と目される高校生グループに声をかけて，ラグビーをやらないか，と誘う。最初はまったく相手にされなかったそうだが，顔をみるたびに声をかけて，ラグビーの醍醐味を語ってきかせたそうだ。そうしたら，ひとり，ふたりと「やってみようか」という生徒が現れた。そうして，いつのまにか悪グループを主体とするラグビー部が誕生し，猛練習がはじまった。悪がきたちがいったんはっきりとした目的意識をもつと，驚くほどの力を発揮するのだそうだ。そのための仕掛けの話を思い出していた。
さきの引用文に，某監督の話をそのまま重書きするようにして，リライトすると以下のようになろうか。
監督の「光輝ある」性格は，どうして構成されるのか。ラグビー部員たちの大多数は悪がきに属す。だがこの「卑しい」悪がきがラグビー・チームに組織され，ユニフォームをまとうと，奇妙な変化を起こす。チームは規律，階層性により，またユニフォーム，激しいタックルやスクラム，そして幾何学的な美しいパスまわしによって，乱雑さ，混沌を矯正し，目的意識に服させる。監督の命令に服すことが，無秩序から秩序への「快い」変化と感じられる。チームの監督は一方で闘将という荒々しさを体現する者であり，他方でこうした秩序・規律・目的意識への変化を命じる者だ。この命令はラグビー部員たちを，その「卑しさ」としては＜否定する＞力を持つ命令である。彼らの貧困，苛立ち，暴力，乱雑，不良，荒々しさ，非合理な危うさは，この命令によって否定され，秩序と目的へと「再生させ」られる。つまりチーム内部では，＜同質的なもの＞へと変えられる。
なんともまあ，みごとに重なってしまうことか，書きながら驚いてしまう。スポーツ集団における「同質性」の萌芽，そして「異質性」への排除のメカニズムが，じつにわかりやすくみえてくることか。
さらに，湯浅さんの文章はつぎのように展開していく。
軍隊首長の特性は，「栄光ある戦争」を体現し，かつ「否定力を持つ命令」を体現していることだ。自分の状態を否定され，甦った兵士大衆は，自分自身であることを喜んで止め，心的，感情的には指揮官のものとなる。首長の一部分，手足のようになる。強い情愛の絆によって結ばれる。この心的絆は，個々人の最初期の＜情愛の対象＞との関係である同一化に近い。兵士大衆はある意味で「子供」の心的段階へと＜退行＞しており，首長の＜父のごとき人格＞を＜超自我＞として，心のある箇所に建立している。こうして兵士大衆は首長の下す命令を「自分が自分に与える命令」と受け取り，首長の使命と栄光を自分自身の栄光と感じる。
この文章もまた，さきほどと同じ手法でリライトが可能である。某監督と高校生たちの関係はまさにここに述べられていることが，そのまま当てはまる。このあまりの類似性に，いまさらながら驚きを禁じ得ない。
じつは，ここまでが，わたしがほんとうに言いたいことの前提である。つまり，外堀埋めの完了である。ここからが，いよいよ本丸攻めに入るところ。しかし，残念ながら，時間切れ。あとは，ご想像にお任せする。たぶん，わかっていただけるものと確信する。もし，どうしても知りたいという人は，このテクストの１００ページ以後を読んでほしい。このさきに，これまたとんでもない思考の展開が待っている。だから，ほんとうはブログで取り扱えるテーマではないのだ。そのためのきっかけだけでも・・・，と考えた次第。お許しのほどを。
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