2009-10-08 祭祀儀礼は「否定」の「否定」。
_ バタイユの『宗教の理論』（ちくま学芸文庫，湯浅博雄訳）を読んでいたら，祭祀儀礼の起源についての，とても明解な説明論理に出くわした。
そのむかし，青木保さんの『文化の否定性』（岩波書店）という本を読んで，なるほど，文化というものは「自然」を「否定」するところからはじまるのだ，ということがわかり，なぜか急に見晴らしがよくなったことを覚えている。バタイユは，その「文化」を「否定」するところに祭祀儀礼の起源があるのではないか，という仮説を提示する。この仮説は，これまでのどの仮説よりもわたしには得心できるものであった。それどころか，またまたわたしの考えを急展開させ，まったく新たな知の地平を切り開いてくれそうな予感で，いまは一杯である。つまりは，スポーツ史やスポーツ文化論のこれまでの理論仮説をおおはばに飛び出して，まったく新しい論陣を張る上できわめて有効な理論仮説を提供してくれることにもつながっていく。もっと大きくは，人間とはなにか，人間の存在を脅かす根源にあるものの仮説を，根底からひっくり返すような，破壊力満点の理論仮説の提示である。それは，いってしまえば，すでによく知られているバタイユの「非−知」についての理解の問題でもあるのだが・・・。
その大筋は以下のようである。
ヒトが人間になるときに行ったことは，「自然」からの離脱と移行であった。そのためには長い時間を必要としたのだが，そのアウト・ラインをたどればつぎのようになろうか。狩猟・採集の時代は，まだ，ヒトは「動物性」のなかにどっぴりと浸っていたという。しかし，やがて，狩猟・採集に役立つ「道具」を用いはじめることによって，ヒトから人間への進化がはじまる（この他にもいろいろの仮説・ことばの発明，死者を弔う，性の秘匿，など・があるが，ここでは省略）。この段階では，まだ，動物との類縁関係（ヒトは動物と区別できない近しい関係）はきわめて濃厚であった，と考えられている。つまり，まだヒトの段階にあった。
ヒトが人間になるための，つぎの大きな変化は，牧畜と農耕のはじまりであるという。換言すれば，動物の家畜化と穀類の栽培である。このとき，ヒトは人間への第一歩を踏み出したというのである。つまり，狩猟時代の「自然」の動物を「家畜」化することによって，自己所有化を果たす。また，採集時代の「自然」の穀物を「栽培」することによって，やはり自己所有化を果たす。つまり，ヒトから人間への離脱と移行は，「自然」のままの動物性から「文化」をもつ人間性への離脱と移行を意味すると同時に，「自然」のままの動物や穀物までも人間の意のままにできる「文化」として自己所有化を果たす。
このとき，人間は「自然」を「否定」して「文化」を獲得すると同時に，みずからの「自然」と同時に，動物や穀物の「自然」を「否定」したことに対する畏怖の念をいだく。この畏怖の念が高まってくると，人間はそれを解消するための方法を考える。そのための一つの方法が，「文化」となった家畜や穀物をもともとの「自然」にもどしてやる，というものである。しかし，全部をもどすのではなくて，家畜や穀物の一部を，形式的に「自然」にもどすことを行う。つまり，「自然」を「否定」することによって獲得した「文化」を，もう一度「否定」して「自然」にもどすという「儀礼」を行う（家畜となった動物を「自然」にもどすということは，家畜ではなくすること，すなわち，神に供物として捧げること，供犠を行うこと，つまりは「殺す」ということ）。この説明も長くなるので割愛。これが「否定」の「否定」によって誕生する「祭祀儀礼」だというのである。
ここで注目しておきたいことは，人間はみずから「自然」を「否定」して，ヒトから人間へと変身を果たすのであるが，しかし，どこまでいっても人間のなかにやどる「自然」を完全に「否定」することはできないということだ。この「内なる自然」という時限爆弾を，つねに抱え込んだ存在として，以後，宿命づけられた歴史を刻むことになる。また，同時に，人間は，みずからをとりまくあらゆる環境世界をも「否定」しつづけ，つぎつぎに「文化」の領域を拡大していく。しかし，ここでも「否定」した「自然」からの，思いもかけない反撃（デリダのいう「亡霊」）に怯えつづけることになる。
人間は「自然」を「否定」することによって新たに獲得した「文化」を，一方では存分に「享受」しつつも，他方ではその「文化」（＝「否定」した「自然」）に「怯える」という両義性のなかに投げ出される。そして，この「怯え」を解消する方法として「祭祀儀礼」がはじまり，やがては「宗教」へと進展していく。だから，人間は，いかに科学的知を蓄積しようとも安心立命することはできないのだ。どこまでいっても人間の「内なる自然」に怯えざるをえないのだから。このアンビヴァレンスを抱え込んだことが，ヒトから人間へと離脱し移行したことの宿命なのだ。
もっともっと説明が必要なのだが，まだ未熟なために未完のままで終わる。ただ，ひとことだけ。この視点を取り込むことによって，わたしの頭のなかはコペルニクス的転回をはじめた，ということ。これから少しずつ，その一端を，このブログで展開できれば，と考えている。とりあえず，今夜はここまで。
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