2009-10-11 カイロスとクロノスの話。
_ しばらく前のブログで，今福さんのお話のなかに「カイロス」の話がでてきたことを書いた。遊びの時間は「カイロス」である，と。
このカイロスのことが気になったので，少し調べてみた。不勉強をさらけ出すようでいささか恥ずかしいのだが，岩波の『哲学・思想事典』のなかに，「カイロスとタナトス」という見出しがあって，きちんと説明されているのだ。詳しい，専門的な解説はともかくとして，わたしの関心事に関連することだけを紹介しておくと以下のようである。
カイロスとクロノス。ギリシア語：kairos/kronos, 英語：kairos/chronos. カイロスは「宿命あるいは神意によって配剤された人間に決断的応答を要求する決定的時点」とあり，クロノスは「通時的経過においてみられた定量的時間」とある。なんともはや，わかったようなわからないような，不思議な説明がしてある。カイロスの説明の最後のところの「決定的時点」というところが理解をさまたげる関門になっている。しかし，よくよく考えてみると，「時間」ではなくて「時点」とある。それに対して，クロノスの方は「定量的時間」とある。ということは，カイロスの方はクロノス的な時間からみれば，あるピン・ポイントとなるような瞬間のような時間であり，計測不能の時間，あるいは，瞬間にして永遠となるような時間のことを言っているように思う。クロノスの方は，時計で計測できるような，秒・分・時間といった機械的な時間を意味していることがわかる。
で，同じ事典のなかに，つぎのような説明もなされているので，理解を深めるためにも引いておくことにしよう。
アリストテレスによれば「カイロスは時間（クロノス）の中の好機」といい，ヒポクラテスによれば「経る時（クロノス）の中に好機（カイロス）は含まれるが，好機には長い時間（クロノス）は含まれない」とある。この「好機」がカイロスだと言ってくれるととてもわかりやすくなる。
これで，今福さんが，「遊び」の時間はクロノスではなくてカイロスである，と言われたことも納得である。つまり，「遊び」の時間は「好機」なのである。今福さんのことばに置き換えると，快楽的な時間を創りつづける創発的な時間であり，内的な時間であり，永遠の時間，ということになる。だから，「遊び」は，クロノスの時間から解き放たれたところで成立するものであるし，その「遊び」はポイエーシス的なものとなる。つまり，遊んでいるつもりが遊ばされている，そういう「遊び」が展開する時間，それがカイロスである，と。
このことと，湯浅博雄さんの『バタイユ 消尽』のなかで（８１ページ），バタイユの「内的体験」を説明していることとが，わたしの頭のなかでつながった。つまり，＜私の存在＞がもっとも激しく問い直されるのはどういうとき（時間）であるのか，と湯浅さんは問いを立てる。そして，バタイユの見方では，「私を（私の手にするすべての力やエネルギーを）激しく濫費する瞬間」だ，という答えを提示する。つまり，エクスターズする瞬間だ，と。したがって，この瞬間は，クロノスではありえない。まさに，カイロスでなくてはならない。
さらに，湯浅さんは，つぎのように書きつけている。
たとえばそれは，原初の人々が，貴重な＜冨＞である生産物を神々に捧げつつ破壊する＜供犠＞に，そしてそれに伴う＜祝祭＞に没入している時間である。
さて，ここからさきは，また別の話の展開になっていくのだが，とりあえず，ここでは，これこそが「カイロス」の原点であることだけを確認するにとどめよう。ついでに言っておけば，ニーチェのいう「永遠回帰」もまた「カイロス」そのもである。
今福さんの言われる「遊び」の時間はカイロスである，ということの意味がこれでだいぶはっきりしてくる。それに引き換え，近代スポーツはクロノスに絡め捕られてしまった，ということ。
今夜はこの辺りで。お休みなさい。
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