2009-10-06 フーリガンと欲望の次元。
_ 昨夜のテクストを今日も読み継いでいる。Ｐ．１９２に，「欲望の次元」という小見出しで，つぎのようなバタイユの考えを紹介している。
それが，またわたしの想像力を激しく掻き立てて，これはひょっとしたら「フーリガン問題」を考えるための重要なヒントになるのではなかろうか，と思ったりしている。まず，その導入部分を引用しておこう。
かつて人間（ヒト）がまだ＜動物性＞に沈潜していたときには，性的欲求はまさに「生の必要」にほかならず，自然の法則に忠実に従い，それ以外の規範（禁止）には制約されていなかった。ところが人間的な性はむしろ逆に自然の法則には逆らい，抵抗し，それ以外の人為的＝文化的な規範によって制約されるようになる。すると人間的な性は，もちろん有機体の内的生命活動から生じる力に基づいてはいるけれども，もう生の必要という水準だけに位置しているのではない。
つまり人間の性は，もう＜欲求＞というレヴェルにとどまることはない。ある新しい＜意味＞を持つ。バタイユはほぼ次のような比喩を用いている。（文化以前の）自然的な河は滔々と流れており，ときどき大量に増水するとすぐに原野に溢れ出し，また元の流れに戻る。ところがその河に柵を立てて堰止めるようになると，水嵩が増えた場合，奔流となって柵をのり超え，氾濫する力になる。この「柵」というのが，嫌悪感や怖れというかたちで現れる心的な抵抗のことである。
これが，まずは前段となっている文章。あるいは，伏線というべきか。ヒトが動物性のなかにどっぷりと浸かっていた時代の「性的欲求」は，自然なままの河のように滔々と流れ，増水したらそのまま原野に溢れていくだけのものにすぎない。しかし，人間となってからの「性」は人為的＝文化的な規範によって制約されるようになる。つまり，自然のままの河に「柵」が立てられ，多少，増水しても堰止められてしまう。しかし，それを超えるほどの増水になると，こんどは一気に柵をのり超えて「氾濫する力」となる，というのだ。このバタイユの比喩はとてもわかりやすい。
これが伏線になっていて，つぎには一気に「欲望の次元」へと議論を展開させる。これがまたとても刺激的である。わたしは，このくだりを読みながら，「フーリガン問題」を考えるためのヒントが隠されている，とひらめいたのである。その文章を引いてみよう。
一時的に貯えられ，留保されたエネルギー，抑制され，禁じられたエネルギーは，そうやって即座の放出（緊張を解消し，快を得る放出）を制止されたことで，すなわち直接的な享受を妨げられ，後に延ばされることで，その激しさを倍増し，真に＜荒々しい力＞となる。柵をのり超え，氾濫する力となるのだ。つまりなにかしら制約づけられ，禁じられることを敢えて破り，侵すという意味を帯びる。嫌悪感や嘔吐感，怖れや羞恥心があるにもかかわらず，それを強いてのり超えるという暴力性，侵犯性の意味を持つようになる。これは＜欲望＞desireの次元と言える。
さて,この一文をどのように受け止めるか,それは人によってさまざまであろう。わたしの読解は以下のとおり。
ヒトが動物性にゆだねられていた時代の「性」は「欲求の次元」に収まっていたが,その動物的な「性の欲求」を,淫らなもの,嫌らしいものとして逆らい,抵抗し,人為的=文化的な規範によって制約を加えることによって人間としての「性」のあり方を新たな文化として確保した。そこに大きな負荷がかかっていることを人間は忘れ,いつしかそれが日常化し,世俗化していく。しかし,もともと自然のものであった「性」を,その自然なあり方を否定することによって,文化の領域に封じ込めてしまったのである。そのときの「否定の論理」による歪みが,あるとき「亡霊」となって噴出することは,ジャック・デリダを待つまでもなくありうることだ。それが,バタイユの比喩による「氾濫する力」である。つまり,「自然の性」を否定して新たに獲得した「文化としての性」をもう一度否定することによって新たに登場するのが「性の欲望」の次元だというのである。
このテクストの論考は,さらに,つぎのように展開する。
＜欲求＞は基本的に自然の法則にのみ忠実に従い，それ以外の規範＝禁止も制約づけも知らない。それとは異なり，＜欲望＞はひとたび文化的な規範や制約づけを経験した人間が，それを強いてのり超え，敗るという力動性である。いったん嫌悪され，禁じられ，遠ざけられたものを，欲望は再び連れ戻そうとする。人間的な性は，すなわち＜エロティシズム＞は，こうした＜欲望＞の次元に位置している。エロティシズム的な欲望は，怖れや嫌悪を当然なものとして内包している。それに近づいてはならない。触れてはならないと退ける感情が強く抵抗するにもかかわらず，それをのり超え敢えて侵す。そのとき初めて欲望は真に高まり，強くなって，人間のみが知る喜びや不安への道を開く（『エロティシズムの歴史』）。
ことここに至って，わたしの「ひらめき」は確信に到達する。「フーリガン問題」を考えるための，たしかな一つの突破口がここにはある，と。
以上で今夜は終わり。
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